Graphene is toxic.
The good news
Graphene is safe. Of course the graphene industry would be honest about this. https://www.graphene-info.com/how-concerned-should-we-be-about-graphenes-toxicity
Just like industry would be honest that all their products were save, even the dozens of products that were recalled, like 2,4-d (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, a herbicide), acetamiprid, Agent Orange, asbestos, aspartame sweetener, cigarettes (actual ads would say doctors recommend them, and they are good for asthma), DDT (which they sprayed on people at the beach), DES (a synthetic estrogen given to pregnant moms), diazinon, epoxiconazole, flame retardant on clothes in the US, fluroxypyr, fracking, Glyphosate, imidacloprid, isoproturon, lead paint, malathion, mercury fillings, microbeads, organophosphates, parathion, PCBs, pirimicarb, prochloraz, sucralose sweetener, tebuconazole, tetrachlorvinphos, thalidomide, Vioxx.
The bad news
Toxicity of graphene-family nanoparticles: a general review of the origins and mechanisms. Lingling Ou, Bin Song, Huimin Liang, Jia Liu, Xiaoli Feng, Bin Deng, Ting Sun & Longquan Shao. Graphene-family nanomaterials (GFNs) are widely used in many fields. Generally, GFNs may exert different degrees of toxicity in animals or cell models by following with different administration routes and penetrating through physiological barriers, subsequently being distributed in tissues or located in cells, eventually being excreted out of the bodies. In addition, several typical mechanisms underlying GFN toxicity have been revealed, for instance, physical destruction, oxidative stress, DNA damage, inflammatory response, apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis. In these mechanisms, (toll-like receptors-) TLR-, transforming growth factor β- (TGF-β-) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) dependent-pathways are involved in the signalling pathway network, and oxidative stress plays a crucial role in these pathways. https://particleandfibretoxicology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12989-016-0168-y
Liao C, Li Y, Tjong SC. Graphene Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Biocompatibility, and Cytotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Nov 12;19(11):3564. doi: 10.3390/ijms19113564. PMID: 30424535; PMCID: PMC6274822. https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/11/3564 "Graphene-based nanomaterials can be either biocompatible or toxic to biological cells. The response of living cells to these nanomaterials depends greatly on their layer number, lateral size, purity, dose, surface chemistry, and hydrophilicity. Very recently, Xia and coworkers investigated the effect of GO surface chemistry on the lipid membrane interactions using pristine GO, hydrated GO (hGO), and rGO [87]. They reported that hGO can induce lipid peroxidation of the surface membrane, leading to membrane lysis and the destruction of cell integrity."
More links
32+ articles on graphene. https://wordsalad.info/tag-graphene.html